Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Type 2 diabetes in adolescents and young adults. Lascar N, Brown J, Pattison H, Barnett AH, Bailey CJ, Bellary S. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. Review of childhood obesity: from epidemiology, etiology, and comorbidities to clinical assessment and treatment. National Center for Health Statistics, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Prevalence of obesity and severe obesity in US children. Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: Ĭockrell Skinner A, Ravanbakht SN, Skelton JA, Perrin EM, Armstrong SC, Skinner C. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature. Nonetheless, the increasing prevalence of childhood and adolescent obesity may impose an increase of disease burden in midlife, emphasizing the need for effective interventions to be implemented at a young age.Īdolescence Cancer Cardiovascular Type 2 diabetes Young adults. The scientific literature is mixed regarding the independent risk of illness, which may be attributed to childhood BMI regardless of adult BMI, and additional data is required to establish causality between the two. Childhood and adolescent obesity confer major risks of excess and premature morbidity and mortality, which may be evident before age 30 years in both sexes. The purpose of this review is to summarize existing data regarding the association of the presence of obesity in childhood/adolescence and early-onset adverse outcomes in adulthood, with specific focus on young adults under the age of 45 years.ĭiabetes, cancer, and cardiometabolic outcomes in midlife are closely linked to childhood and adolescent obesity. The association between obesity in adulthood and excess morbidity and mortality has been readily established, whereas the association of childhood and adolescent obesity has not. Plants not only form the basis of the global food chain, but their medicinal properties have saved countless lives.Rates of childhood obesity have been soaring in recent decades. With such high demand for the drug, scientists quickly developed a technique to synthesise quinine plant extract into a chemical drug, and allow mass production. DEPARTMENT: Primary Care - Internal Medicine. There are approximately 350–500 million cases of malaria each year. As a Physician Assistant, your superior interpersonal and empathetic skills, as well as your comprehension of diagnostic procedures greatly assists in managing and delivering quality treatment plans. The quinine chemical was extracted from the bark and processed into pills to treat malaria, a blood-borne disease carried by mosquitoes. This makes it possible to produce vast quantities of medication, and to increase the potency of the compounds.Ī good example of this is the plant chemical quinine, which was discovered in rainforest tree species such as Cinchona ledgeriana over 100 years ago. Some modern drugs contain actual plant material, but most are now formed from chemically copied or synthesised extracts. It is extracted from the opium poppy.Ĭodeine is converted by an enzyme in the liver to morphine, which is the active analgesic, producing powerful pain relief. Yew tree bark is used in anti-cancer drugs, having been used in Chinese medicine for 5000 years to fight cancer, heart disease and dementia.Ĭynarin is a plant chemical found in the common artichoke.Ĭynarin is used to treat liver problems and high blood pressure.Ĭodeine is one of the strongest and most commonly used painkillers in the world. Modern drugs based on this substance are used to treat cardiac problems. Garlic is effective in lowering blood pressure, blood sugar and cholesterol, as well as containing antibacterial and antifungal compounds.įoxgloves contain a substance called digitoxin, which was traditionally used to treat an irregular heartbeat. Today over 50% of prescription drugs are derived from chemicals first identified in plants. Plants have been used for medicinal purposes for thousands of years.
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